tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38554083920873678842024-03-14T15:21:12.665+05:30Telecom NewsNews on latest telecom trendsVenuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-59842023924928920292018-06-04T09:34:00.001+05:302018-06-04T09:34:28.452+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-27554821561100969132016-06-16T13:17:00.000+05:302016-06-16T13:17:30.104+05:303GPP Standards for the Internet-of-Things<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
3GPP described all the IoT market requirements.<br />
<br />
1. eMTC : Enhancements to LTE for Machine Type Communications<br />
2. NB-IoT : Which is very popular, New Radio been added to LTE<br />
3. EC-GSM-IoT : Enhancements to EGPRS .<br />
<br />
Here is the link to the wonderful presentation on above mentioned IoT standards.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.3gpp.org/images/presentations/3GPP_Standards_for_IoT.pdf" target="_blank">www.3gpp.org/images/presentations/3GPP_Standards_for_IoT.pdf</a></div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-72312023181503898942016-06-15T15:51:00.000+05:302016-06-15T15:51:01.257+05:30WiFi Offloading - Part 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Wifi Offloading :</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">As the name “Offload” indicates to get rid of some one or
unload something from your basket. WiFi Offloading is getting popular now a
days. Almost all the chip-set vendors and the operators implementing WiFi
Offload support. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">The solution allows the operator to indicate how the IP
flows are routed through the available access systems and to selectively
offload some traffic (e.g. best effort traffic) to WLAN while using UTRAN or
E-UTRAN for other traffic (e.g. traffic with specific QoS requirements). This
is usually referred to as WLAN offload.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Why Wi-Fi Offload?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">As you notice, the evolution of mobile communications from
1G to 4G (going forward 5G) is to accomplish new levels of user experience and
multi-service capacity, especially in Data. Just recollect the days when we
have Nokia and Motorola handsets operating Symbian OS. And compare now the
Smart Phone era. The amount of data being used per subscriber increased
drastically. No surprise that we won’t find a mobile without installing any one
of the e-commerce /social networking /Banking apps. It’s not just mobiles, also
Laptops, Tablets ..etc. Now it’s a challenge for the operators to think of cost
effective solution to satisfy customers as the bandwidth requirements
increasing day by day. This is one of the requirement opting WiFi offloading. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">Answer the question, suppose you have broadband at home with
WiFi enabled and mobile data enabled on your mobile. Once you reach home from
office, whether you turn on WiFi or not? Of course the answer would be YES
because WiFi is cheap and faster compared to Mobile Data especially indoor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">Also now a days we keep watching new devices that doesn’t
support Mobile Network but WiFi and the device operator locked . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">One more to say in pure technical terms “to achieve required
QoS in a cost effective way”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">From Carrier point of view, the investment would be very
less and he always can use un-licensed spectrum and save money. From user point
of view “User Experience” matters.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">How WiFi offload reduce cost?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->For example you have an iPhone and it’s locked
to one operator. Wifi is turned on and sometimes you notice instead of 4G wifi
being used. Carrier can afford more subscribers and gain more income by
offloading few subscribers from Mobile Data. Operators can have this kind of mechanism
in universities, Railway stations or someplace where mass gathering happens.
Note that the transition from mobile data to wifi should be without user
intervention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->This allows reducing the load on some of the
network elements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">If I am not wrong user won’t get benefited much with this
feature except “User Experience” <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Disadvantages:</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: blue;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: blue;">Battery may drain quickly, since the UE keep
searching for available wifi networks when the it is enabled from GUI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->In my view, Offload should be Network
controlled, there should be a measurement event to report the available
networks and decide which is good for the UE based on the UE direction of
travel and other statistics. This is not available at the moment, may add in
future.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;">We shall look into architecture and the importance of ePDG in Part 2.</span></div>
</div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-47195591137616275102016-06-09T09:58:00.001+05:302016-06-09T09:58:23.057+05:30LTE UE Category<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
It's a common word for the people working in telecom, for sure you hear this word once at-least a day. Identifying the UE category is very important. ue-Category defines a combined uplink and downlink capability of an UE. An UE Category usually defines the below parameters.<br />
<br />
At Transport level :<br />
<br />
In Case of DL :<br />
<br />
1. Maximum number of DL-SCH transport block bits received within a TTI<br />
2. Maximum number of bits of a DL-SCH transport block received within a TTI<br />
3. Total number of DL-SCH soft channel bits<br />
4. Maximum number of bits of a MCH transport block received within a TTI<br />
<br />
In Case of UL :<br />
<br />
1. Maximum number of bits of an UL-SCH transport block transmitted within a TTI<br />
2. Maximum number of UL-SCH transport block bits transmitted within a TTI<br />
<br />
At Phy Level :<br />
<br />
In Case of DL :<br />
<br />
1. Maximum number of supported layers for spatial multiplexing in DL<br />
<br />
In Case of UL :<br />
<br />
1. Support for 64QAM in UL<br />
<br />
These are the main parameters described or defined per UE_Category. I am not going to explain or write about the above parameters in this post. Please go through 3GPP 36.306, Section 4 for more information<br />
<br />
Below table shows the parameter values which we discussed above for DL.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Joy2gMGWR-8/V1jnVPPg4BI/AAAAAAAADyk/4T5jvN06PDkx82HmuN1OgKCnET2SB_oLACKgB/s1600/DL_Cat.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="602" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Joy2gMGWR-8/V1jnVPPg4BI/AAAAAAAADyk/4T5jvN06PDkx82HmuN1OgKCnET2SB_oLACKgB/s640/DL_Cat.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Below table shows the parameter values for UL<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O11JhwRg9t4/V1jtveGE80I/AAAAAAAADy0/YMYbPG-FQrI2PR0hjd0YmCTbvxGWzF8rgCLcB/s1600/UL_Cat.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O11JhwRg9t4/V1jtveGE80I/AAAAAAAADy0/YMYbPG-FQrI2PR0hjd0YmCTbvxGWzF8rgCLcB/s640/UL_Cat.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
You may not see all these parameter setting in any of the DL/UL signalling messages. Guys who are working on the T&M instruments like Anritsu or R&S can see the detailed information about the UL and DL channel setup. To be discrete, in MAC channel setup.<br />
<br />
Ref : 3GPP 36.306</div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-41952912625437007752016-06-06T07:48:00.000+05:302016-06-06T07:48:03.174+05:30LTE CAT 1 and CAT 0<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Good to hear that Gemalto showcased their VoLTE Cat.1 module capable of simultaneous voice and data at IoT world pre-event. It also has the support of #2G and #3G.<br />
<br />
As you know for M2M, Cat1 is the preferred module<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-955A-kGYJz4/V1TVQoTud0I/AAAAAAAADyA/R4Q3juQElIEhoRZhAPPt23n2VnHT1zfCgCLcB/s1600/UE_Cat.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-955A-kGYJz4/V1TVQoTud0I/AAAAAAAADyA/R4Q3juQElIEhoRZhAPPt23n2VnHT1zfCgCLcB/s640/UE_Cat.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
CAT1 UE theoretical throughput 10Mbps in DL and 5 Mbps in UL which is a decent throughput for operating Connecting Homes/Cars/ any IoT device. In fact IoT doesn't require CAT1 devices too, LTE CAT 0 devices should be fair enough to handle the required throughput.<br />
<br />
CAT 0 is a new LTE UE category developed especially for IoT requirements. Most of the IoT devices requirement is not the throughput, but long battery life. Basic throughput should be fine.<br />
<br />
3GPP Rel 12, introduced LTE CAT 0, advantages being less complex compared to other LTE UE categories which may be around 50% less compared to LTE CAT1.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OxsXmNsgic4/V1TdGdDDwHI/AAAAAAAADyQ/Y7qCDMCoBLIOJFky3y90wFTcnMEg6uM1gCLcB/s1600/UE_Cat0.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OxsXmNsgic4/V1TdGdDDwHI/AAAAAAAADyQ/Y7qCDMCoBLIOJFky3y90wFTcnMEg6uM1gCLcB/s640/UE_Cat0.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://industrialiot5g.com/20160509/connectivity/smart-home-m2m-trends-tag29">http://industrialiot5g.com/20160509/connectivity/smart-home-m2m-trends-tag29</a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-62923529854637798852016-06-06T07:06:00.001+05:302016-06-06T07:06:24.172+05:30Are Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile and Sprint building 5G networks? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Looks like US NW operators working seriously on the next generation network technology #5G. Wish #5G goes to live and boost the telecom further..<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.rcrwireless.com/rcrtv/verizon-att-t-mobile-sprint-building-5g-networks-carrier-wrap-episode-29-tag2">http://www.rcrwireless.com/rcrtv/verizon-att-t-mobile-sprint-building-5g-networks-carrier-wrap-episode-29-tag2</a></div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-45061606552794518752016-05-31T07:21:00.003+05:302016-05-31T07:23:41.855+05:30LTE/IMS developer required<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: lime;">Looking for LTE Developers:</span></h2>
<br />
Anritsu India Looking for developers for their R&D center located in Bangalore. Please find the requirements below.<br />
<br />
Position 1<br />
<br />
a) C/C++/Java<br />
b) 3GPP<br />
c) LTE Protocol<br />
d) IMS<br />
e) Would like: WCDMA/GSM, RTD<br />
<br />
Position 2:<br />
a) C/C++/Java<br />
b) 3GPP<br />
c) LTE Protocol<br />
d) Would like: WCDMA/GSM<br />
<br />
Development Engineer (Protocol)<br />
Experience 3 to 5 for Engineer, 5- 8 Sr. Engineer<br />
<br />
Initially on contract for 6 months and permanent position will be offered based on the performance.<br />
<br />
Please send your profiles @ bandarupallivenu@gmail.com<br />
<br /></div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-65501129472962994832016-05-31T07:08:00.001+05:302016-05-31T07:10:51.735+05:30IoT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: red;">Qualcomm CEO views on IoT:</span></b></h2>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px;">We see now a days Smart Phone Chipset sector consolidation. Giant's like Broadcom, Nokia, Ericsson..etc decided to shutdown their chipset business... Now the market left with very few vendors QC, Intel and Mediatek. There are few more small size chipset makers like ZTE, LGE, Altair..etc.Increasing investments and reducing royalties pushing the chipset makers to cut down the man power. The only hope for telecom industry is IoT/E and 5G. Here is the link for QC CEO views on IoT future and how it is going to change the lives...</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px;"><a href="https://www.thestreet.com/story/13571602/1/qualcomm-ceo-you-either-win-technology-transitions-or-you-don-t-live-to-tell-the-day.html">https://www.thestreet.com/story/13571602/1/qualcomm-ceo-you-either-win-technology-transitions-or-you-don-t-live-to-tell-the-day.html </a></span></div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-73519356468754018072016-05-31T07:00:00.001+05:302016-05-31T07:11:16.099+05:30NSN to start 5G trails in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="background-color: #e4e8e8; color: #222222; font-family: 'Roboto Condensed'; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="color: red;">Nokia In Talks With Indian Telecom Firms Over 5G Networks</span></h1>
<br />
<a href="http://bandarupallivenu.blogspot.jp/2016/05/nokia-in-talks-with-indian-telecom.html#links">http://profit.ndtv.com/news/tech-media-telecom/article-nokia-in-talks-with-indian-telecom-firms-over-5g-networks-1409713</a></div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-48861825351945448232011-06-14T02:06:00.001+05:302016-07-19T13:07:11.500+05:30Backoff indicator in RACH processing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><strong>From the LTE MAC spec TS 36.321, section 5 explains about the Random Access procedure which will be used for the UE's UL synchronization. </strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Backoff Parameter:</strong><br />
<br />
If the random access attempt of a UE fails, either because the preamble sent by the UE was not detected by the eNB or the UE lost the contention resolution, the UE has to start the process over again. To avoid contention and overload, the eNB can signal the UEs that they have to wait a certain time before they try to <br />
connect again. The parameter that controls this is called the backoff parameter (B) and is signaled by the eNB in the random access response. The actual time the UE should backoff is chosen uniformly by the UE in the interval [0,B]. As mentioned, the backoff parameter is sent in the RA response, but all RA responses can however be read by all UEs who sent a preamble in step 1 of the random access procedure. This means that also a UE that did not get a random access response. with its own preamble, i.e., was not detected, can receive the backoff parameter and use it. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><strong>Backoff:</strong></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">The eNB can force the UE to wait a certain time before it tries to connect again. The maximum length of the backoff time is signaled to the UE by the eNB with the backoff parameter B. One possible scenario is that the backoff only is activated when there is an overload in the system. Therefore it would be interesting to study how the observations of AD (Access Delay) are affected by different values on B, during different conditions of the system. If the AD observers cannot be upgraded to accurately estimate an eventual backoff it would mean that the eNB is depending on AD reports from the UEs. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><strong>Backoff Indicator :</strong></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">When it comes to backoff there is only one parameter that affects how long the UEs wait until they can try again. This is the backoff parameter, which is indicated by an index sent from the eNB to the UE. These backoff indicators have been defined below.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Backoff parameter values as defined</span><br />
<strong> </strong><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAH">
<span lang="EN-GB">Index<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAH">
<span lang="EN-GB">Backoff Parameter
value (ms)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">256<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">512<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">1024<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">2048<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">4096<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">8192<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">16384<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">32768<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">65536<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">131072<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">262144<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">524288<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">Reserved<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">Reserved<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">Reserved<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
The actual time the UE waits is called the backoff time and is defined as below.<br />
<br />
Definition Backoff Time :<br />
<br />
The backoff time is defined as the time a UE waits after a random access attempt has been declared unsuccessful until the UE is free to try again. The backoff time is chosen uniformly by the UE in the interval [0,B].<br />
<br />
</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">In Case of NB-IOT, Backoff Parameter values are defined as below.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAH">
<span lang="EN-GB">Index<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAH">
<span lang="EN-GB">Backoff Parameter
value (ms)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">256<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">512<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">1024<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">2048<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">4096<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">8192<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">16384<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">32768<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">65536<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">131072<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">262144<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">524288<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">Reserved<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">Reserved<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="TAC">
<span lang="EN-GB">Reserved<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: LMRoman12-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Regards<br />
Venu </span></span></span></span></div>
Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-45979016184845305992011-05-19T00:40:00.002+05:302011-05-19T00:40:53.914+05:30LTE Visualisation Tool available to download<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="summary"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Displays the mapping of downlink Signals and Physical Channels onto the set of Resource Elements. Calculates throughputs for each modulation scheme and a range of coding rates. Allows exporting to a csv file for subsequent reading into Excel. Free to download from www.lte-bullets.com</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The link is <a href="http://www.lte-bullets.com/visualisation_tool.html" title="blocked::http://www.lte-bullets.com/visualisation_tool.html">http://www.lte-bullets.com/visualisation_tool.html</a> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The pre-requisite for this application is </span></span>Microsoft's .NET Framework 4.0 which must have been installed on your PC.</div></div>Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-26364685192016651982011-05-07T03:25:00.000+05:302011-05-07T03:25:35.087+05:30Why we have the concept of VRB in LTE?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The mapping from VRBs to physical resource blocks (PRBs) allows for downlink distributed transmission in frequency domain .Downlink distributed transmission consists of two separate steps:<br />
<br />
(1) a mapping from VRB pairs to PRB pairs such that consecutive VRB pairs are not mapped to frequency-consecutive PRB pairs and <br />
(2) a split of each resource-block pair such that the two resource blocks of the resource-block pair are transmitted with a certain frequency gap in between. The second step can be seen as frequency hopping on a slot basis.<br />
<br />
Lot of documents explain you the importance of VRB. Please go throuh them.<br />
<br />
Regards<br />
Venu</div>Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-74800579054320883282011-04-26T16:29:00.002+05:302011-04-26T16:29:40.633+05:30Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">CS domain services are the services that can be offered today in GSM-UMTS networks. Examples of such services are: voice and its supplementary services (e.g. call waiting, call forwarding), USSD, LCS, SMS, E911, LI, and even CS DUI video, etc. This rich set of CS domain features and capabilities are the result of years of standardization works in 3GPP and operators investments to their GSM-UMTS network.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In EPS, richer features/services can be offered to the end-user together with voice via IMS. While this is the case for EPS, it is challenging for some operators to launch EPS with data and voice/IMS from day one. Hence, these operators need a migration path to allow them to start from EPS with data only and allow the reuse of CS domain services until they get to the point where IMS voice can be added to the EPS.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Such migration path is possible with CS Fallback (CSFB) feature. CSFB is introduced in 3GPP Rel-8 to allow an UE in EPS to reuse CS domain services by defining how the UE can switch its radio from EUTRAN access to other RAT (e.g. GERAN/UTRAN/1xRTT access) that can support CS domain services. In addition, CSFB specification TS 23.272 also defines how the SMS is transferred to the UE natively via EPS from the MSC. It should be noted that this type of SMS delivery mechanism is defined in CSFB specification but the UE is not falling back to GERAN/UTRAN/1xRTT access. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">With CSFB, UE under EPS can enjoy the fast PS data access and can switch over to GERAN/UTRAN/1xRTT access for CS domain services when needed. In addition, UE can also utilize the SMS feature supported by CSFB architecture.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">UE, which wants to use CSFB, must first register itself to the CS domain via EPS. For GSM-UMTS CSFB feature, UE performs a combined EPS/IMSI Attach/TAU procedure. In the EPS Attach/TAU response message, the network indicates back to the UE whether CSFB (including SMS) is supported, “SMS-only”, “CSFB Not Preferred”, or none of these features are supported. “CSFB Not Preferred” is an indication to allow data centric devices to continue reside in EPS and to allow CSFB (including SMS) features to be used. On the other hand, a voice centric device receiving “CSFB Not Preferred” or “SMS-only” will assume CSFB is not supported in this network and will try to reselect to other networks (i.e. 2G or 3G) to obtain voice services. In 1xRTT CSFB features, the UE is aware that the network supports 1xCSFB by examining the system information broadcast information over E-UTRAN access and performs the 1xCS registration to the 1xRTT MSC via the CDMA2000 signaling tunnel between the UE (via EPS) and 1xCS IWS. This 1xCS registration request and response is transparent to the EPS.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the UE has successfully registered itself to the CS domain (and has received positive response from MME that CSFB is possible in GERAN/UTRAN case), it can then request the MME to perform CSFB procedures whenever it wants to use CS domain services (e.g. originating a voice call or answer to a terminating voice call). Besides voice call, USSD, MO-LR, MT-LR, NI-LR, and call-independent Supplementary Services procedures (e.g. activates CFB) can also trigger CSFB procedures. In the CS terminating scenario, an active UE has the ability to reject terminating call request while it still resides in EPS. This is particularly useful when the end-user is watching a streaming video under EPS and does not want to answer a call from an unknown number to avoid any streaming disruption in the streaming video due to unwanted CSFB procedures.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">For the GSM-UMTS CSFB feature, EPS can perform the CSFB procedure with PS handover procedure, RRC connection release with redirection information, or cell change order with NACC (for GERAN only). This is based on network configuration and deployment option. For 1xRTT CSFB feature, CSFB can be done with RRC connection release with redirection information or 1xSRVCC based signaling (known as enhanced 1xCSFB). 1xRTT CSFB UE may also have dual-Rx/dual-Tx or Dual-Rx/Single-Tx capability. Dual-Rx/dual-Tx 1xRTT CSFB UE can simultaneously transmit and receive on both EPS and 1x at the same time. This allows the UE to obtain 1x voice service from 1xRTT system while maintaining the data stream over EPS at the same time. This is also based on network configuration and deployment option, and UE capability. Dual-Rx/Single-Tx 1xRTT CSFB UE allows simplification in EPS network deployment because there is no coordination is required between the E UTRAN and 1xRTT network (i.e. S102 is not required).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the UE is redirected to GERAN/UTRAN/1xRTT access via one of the above procedures, the existing CS setup procedure is taken over for the remaining of the call.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In Rel-9, IDLE mode camping mechanism is enhanced in the EPS and GPRS to allow the network to influence the UE’s RAT camping policy so that a CSFB UE will select GERAN/UTRAN access when it is in IDLE condition. The intention is to minimize the occurrence of CSFB procedure from EPS to allow the UE to invoke the CS domain services directly from GERAN/UTRAN as much as possible. On the other hand, this requires additional intelligence in the cell reselection policy in the GERAN/UTRAN access in order to move the UE in active state to EPS to enjoy the fast PS access when appropriate. There are also optimization enhancements to Rel-9 for speeding up the overall CSFB procedure.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As indicated earlier, SMS delivery via CS Domain is also defined as part of the CSFB feature. UE can utilize this feature after it has successfully attached itself to the CS domain. It should be noted that EPS has the option to support only the SMS feature and not the CSFB feature which redirect the UE to another RAT. For GERAN/UTRAN CSFB, MME can indicate this condition by having an SMS-only indicator to the UE during their combined EPS/IMSI Attach/TAU procedure. For 1xRTT CSFB, this indication is not specified, as the 1xCS registration procedure is transparent to the EPS. UE receiving the “SMS-only” indicator will not invoke the CSFB request and should not expect any CS paging coming from EPS.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">When interworking with a 3GPP MSC, SMS is delivered via the SGs interface. For MO-SMS, UE first establishes a NAS tunnel to transfer the SMS PDU to MME. MME then transfer these SMS PDU over to MSC via the SGs. MT-SMS works the same way by having the MME establish a NAS tunnel to UE over E-UTRAN access.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">When interworking with 1xMSC, the UE establishes a CDMA2000 tunnel with the 1xCS IWS via EPS and SMS is delivered via that tunnel. EPS is transparent to this process.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">3GPP also defines the CSFB UE in voice-centric and data-centric mode of operation in TS 23.221. Voicecentric CSFB UE will always attempt to find a RAT where voice services can be supported. In the example of UE receiving an SMS-only or “CSFB Not Preferred” indication from the network during combined EPS/IMSI attach procedure, the voice-centric UE will autonomously switch to UTRAN/GERAN access if coverage is available so voice service is possible to this user. With a data-centric mode of operation, the CSFB UE will not switch to UTRAN/GERAN given the same scenario with the SMS-only indication from the network and will forgo the voice services or CS domain services altogether. This is because the data-centric mode UE wants the best possible PS access and voice is not the determining factor to move away from EPS.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Article from "4G Broadband Evolution: 3GPP Release 10 and beyond"</div></div></div>Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-5134637117806996832011-04-26T13:06:00.000+05:302011-04-26T13:06:53.782+05:30Knowing GUTI - Globally Unique Temporary ID<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">In LTE the GUTI is allocated to the UE by the MME and has two components. These are the GUMMEI (Globally Unique MME ID) and the M-TMSI (MME-TMSI). While the GUMMEI identifies the MME, the M-TMSI identifies the UE within the MME.<br />
<br />
In GPRS and UMTS the mobile's temporary id was the (P-TMSI) Packet Temporary Mobile Identity. This id is changed on a frequent basis and used instead of the IMSI (The International Mobile Subscriber Identification) in most air interface messages for security reasons.<br />
<br />
In LTE, the P-TMSI is now called the Globally Unique Temporary ID, or the GUTI. Some of the digits in the GUTI identify the Mobility Management Entity the mobile was last registered with and they are referred to as the Globally Unique MME Identifier, or the GUMMEI.<br />
<br />
When contacting the network, the mobile sends the GUTI to the base station which then uses the parameter to identify the MME to which it will send the request to re-establish the communication session.It's also possible to roam between different radio technologies. If the mobile has reselected from a UMTS cell to an LTE cell, a TAU is made and since the mobile does not have a GUTI, the P-TMSI is sent instead.This way, the newly assigned MME can contact the 3G SGSN to request the subscribers current profile (IP address, PDP contexts, etc.).<br />
<br />
The same mechanisms apply when the mobile reselects from an LTE cell to a UMTS or GPRS cell. In this case the GUTI is sent in the P-TMSI parameter and the procedure is reffered to as Routeing Area Update (RAU) instead of TAU.<br />
<br />
The GUTI has two main components:<br />
<br />
<ul><li>one that uniquely identifies the MME which allocated the GUTI; and </li>
<li>one that uniquely identifies the UE within the MME that allocated the GUTI.</li>
</ul>The Globally Unique MME Identifier (GUMMEI) is constructed from the MCC, MNC and MME Identifier (MMEI). Within the MME, the mobile is identified by the M-TMSI.<br />
<br />
Finally the GUTI is constructed from the GUMMEI and the M-TMSI.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iWzbeYpqU5Y/SvvhuE8sbAI/AAAAAAAAAwM/kfEIynPp5b0/s1600-h/GUTI.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iWzbeYpqU5Y/SvvhuE8sbAI/AAAAAAAAAwM/kfEIynPp5b0/s400/GUTI.jpg" /></a></div>Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-5953634146749991942011-04-13T16:52:00.002+05:302011-04-13T16:52:41.644+05:30Rohde & Schwarz Wideband Radio Communication Tester With New LTE eHRPD Handover Options<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=LTE+eHRPD" target="_blank">eHRPD</a>|<a href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=LTE" target="_blank">LTE</a>|<a href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=3GPP2" target="_blank">3GPP2</a>|<a href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=CDMA2000" target="_blank">CDMA2000</a>|<a href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=TRANSITION" target="_blank">TRANSITION</a>|<a href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=IP" target="_blank">IP</a>|<a href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=WCDMA" target="_blank">WCDMA</a>|<a href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=GSM" target="_blank">GSM</a> <br />
<div class="read_2_3">Rohde & Schwarz has enhanced its R&S CMW500 multistandard platform and now offers options for testing the handover between <a class="keyword" href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=LTE" target="_blank">LTE</a> and 1xEV-DO networks. All tests are carried out in line with the <a class="keyword" href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=3GPP2" target="_blank">3GPP2</a> enhanced high-rate packet data (eHRPD) specifications. In particular manufacturers who address the American and Asian markets with their user equipment or chipsets must perform these tests. In America and Asia, LTE technology is currently being integrated into existing <a class="keyword" href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=CDMA2000" target="_blank">CDMA2000</a>® environments. The new LTE user equipment for these networks must reliably function in CDMA2000® cells, too. The <a class="keyword" href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=transition" target="_blank">transition</a> from one infrastructure to the other must work smoothly. <br />
During handover testing, the R&S CMW500 can also simulate a real <a class="keyword" href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=IP" target="_blank">IP</a> connection. As a result, test engineers can find out whether a device continuously transmits the IP user data on both networks during handover. The R&S CMW500 includes the server function required for this test. This enables the user not only to carry out handover tests, but also to simultaneously measure the RF characteristics of the DUT for LTE and CDMA2000®. <br />
The R&S CMW-eHRPD options for the R&S CMW500 are now available from Rohde & Schwarz. In addition, Rohde & Schwarz also offers LTE handover options for <a class="keyword" href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=WCDMA" target="_blank">WCDMA</a> and <a class="keyword" href="http://www.cn-c114.net/column_tags.asp?q=GSM" target="_blank">GSM</a>. </div></div>Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3855408392087367884.post-20343430526855825802011-01-04T18:54:00.002+05:302011-01-04T18:54:56.101+05:30Rohde & Schwarz LTE Basics WebinarA webinar presented by Rohde & Schwarz on the basics of Long Term Evolution (LTE). For more information please visit <a href="http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/" title="http://www.rohde-schwarz.com">http://www.rohde-schwarz.com</a>Venuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16237264773163849524noreply@blogger.com